The Church of St. Luke

Pope Leo XIV just released his first encyclical — and it may be the most important Church document of our lifetime.

VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Presenting the first encyclical of his pontificate, Pope Leo XIV warned that artificial intelligence must be "disarmed," urging governments, tech leaders and society to confront the rapidly growing technology before it weakens human relationships, critical thinking and peace itself.

With its authoritative teaching, the 82-page encyclical, "Magnifica Humanitas" ("Magnificent Humanity"), significantly boosts the Catholic Church's position as an active voice in discussions over artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons, labor, human dignity and the concentration of technological power among a handful of corporations.

"Peace, not merely the absence of war, is justice at work," Pope Leo said May 25 during a presentation unveiling the document in the Vatican's Synod Hall to an audience filled with members of the Roman Curia, reporters and special guests. "But when technology weakens our critical sense, peace itself is at risk."

The pope said he wrote the encyclical after hearing from scientists, engineers, political leaders, parents and teachers about the promises and dangers posed by artificial intelligence. While some were enthusiastic about the technology, he said others expressed fears over future generations and increasingly autonomous weapons systems.

While he acknowledged the benefits of AI, Pope Leo was clear in saying more scrutiny needs to be applied to this developing technology.

"Artificial intelligence needs to be disarmed," the pope said. "The word is strong, I know, but deliberately chosen because this moment needs words capable of attracting attention, awakening consciences and indicating paths forward for humanity."

Pope Leo has frequently cautioned against the unchecked development of AI since the beginning of his pontificate, warning that the technology risks weakening human discernment, distorting reality and replacing authentic relationships with simulations of human interaction.

Anchoring his address on the church’s annual World Communications Day theme, the pope said artificial intelligence is increasingly simulating "human voices and faces," while raising deeper questions surrounding consciousness, responsibility, friendship and truth.

"We do not possess technical answers, nor do we seek to displace those with expertise," the pope said in his May 25 presentation. "But we bring a wisdom concerning the human that our present time desperately needs: every person is unique and irreplaceable."

The Holy See's engagement with major technology companies dates back nearly a decade through conversations known as the "Minerva Dialogues," which brought together church leaders and executives from Silicon Valley firms, including Google and LinkedIn.

That's one of the reasons why one of the most anticipated speakers at the presentation was Chris Olah, co-founder of the artificial intelligence research company Anthropic, who praised the pope’s willingness to engage the industry directly.

Olah acknowledged that computer scientists alone cannot determine the ethical boundaries of AI because developers themselves are influenced by "incentives" such as ambition, competition and financial pressure.

"We need informed critics who will tell the labs when we are failing," Olah said. "We need moral voices that the incentives cannot bend."

He said the church could help shape discussions surrounding the equitable distribution of AI’s economic benefits, the impact of the technology on children and employment, and broader questions about human flourishing.

Olah also described aspects of advanced AI systems as "mysterious, even unsettling," saying researchers continue to discover behaviors within models they do not fully understand.

Others speaking at the presentation highlighted themes throughout the encyclical, including economic inequality, labor exploitation and the concentration of technological power.

Anna Rowlands, professor of political theology and Catholic social doctrine at Durham University in England, was another speaker on the panel with the pope. She said the encyclical "brings the vision of the Gospel to bear on the cultures of AI."

She said the document challenges the idea that artificial intelligence itself can "save" humanity while questioning whether too much influence over modern life is being placed in the hands of a small number of technology companies.

"In the interests of the common good, how can we resist such distorting concentrations of power in the hands of the few?" Rowlands asked.

Leocadie Lushombo, another panelist and professor of theological ethics at the Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University, pointed to the encyclical’s criticism of extractive mining industries in the Global South that supply minerals used in AI infrastructure and data centers.

"Yes, AI can very easily be colonial," Lushombo said. "It is more likely to do much to further violate the rights of the Global South."

Cardinal Michael Czerny, prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, said the pace of this new technology is unparalleled, while the stakes are deeper, concerning "the very nature of human coexistence." 

He went on to say that the most original contribution the Christian faith brings to the discussion on AI is the "conviction that human beings always transcend the sum of their achievements, their data profiles and any possible technical simulation, because they are called to a fullness of life that finds its truth in relationship and its fulfillment in a constant and sincere gift of oneself."

Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, said the document insists humanity must not lose sight of its own dignity despite technological advancement.

"For every human being possesses infinite dignity and never loses that sublime capacity for love which God bestowed upon humanity when He created us," Cardinal Fernández said.

He also emphasized one of the encyclical’s central arguments: that artificial intelligence cannot replicate humanity’s capacity to suffer, grow and love.

Pope Leo’s encyclical states that humanity carries within itself "the lessons that are etched like scars, a memory of the journey taken between freedom and falls, dreams and disappointments," he said.

VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- At a time when digital technologies are developing at a rapid and unpredictable pace, every single person must decide if she or he will be: a passive bystander; an unhelpful commentator; an avaricious architect of a new "Tower of Babel"; or a patient, hope-filled builder of a "civilization of love," Pope Leo XIV said in his first encyclical, "Magnifica Humanitas."

In the 82-page document, released May 25, the day after Pentecost, the pope also asked forgiveness for the Church's long tolerance of slavery, and he declared that its "just war theory" was now outdated.

"Today, more than ever, without prejudice to the right to self-defense in the strictest sense, it is important to reaffirm that the 'just war' theory, which has all too often been used to justify any kind of war, is now outdated," he wrote.

"Humanity possesses far more effective and capable tools for promoting human life and resolving conflicts, such as dialogue, diplomacy and forgiveness. The use of force, violence and weapons reflects a relational poverty that always has disastrous consequences for civilian populations," the pope's new document said. 

The document, signed May 15, marked the 135th anniversary of his namesake's landmark social encyclical, "Rerum Novarum," which reflected on society, the economy and politics, and ushered in what is now known as the "Social Doctrine of the Church."

"When some objected that the Church should not waste energy on worldly matters, but instead focus on communicating the message of eternal life, Leo XIII responded with realism and wisdom, saying that the proclamation of the Gospel cannot overlook the concrete lives of people," Pope Leo XIV wrote.

While his turn-of-the-last-century predecessor focused on the industrial revolution's impact on the human being and society, Pope Leo looked at the consequences of the digital revolution in the 21st-century and how best to safeguard "the human person in the time of artificial intelligence."

Pope Leo used nearly the first half of the document to outline the role and development of the church's social teaching, and why and how it continues to be needed in a world facing both old and new challenges.

"Today, the Social Doctrine of the Church is a legacy of wisdom, where we find principles for thought, criteria for discernment and judgment, and concrete guidelines for action" to "clearly interpret the challenges of the present and identify appropriate ways for living out a clear Christian witness, with joy and in service to the world," he wrote.

"It is not an inert set of concepts, but a living corpus of truth that safeguards and interprets humanity's vocation to a full and just life. I therefore wish to add my own voice to this living tradition," he added.

Listening to and engaging with the wider world, especially those active in the fields of science, technology, academia and politics, he wrote, is crucial to a process of "shared discernment" to identify and heal the spiritual and cultural roots of present-day problems rather than issuing reactive pronouncements or "risk letting the succession of emergencies dictate the direction of our path."

While the Church is concerned with theological, "anthropological" and social questions, it is also "necessary to establish adequate regulatory tools capable of upholding justice and curbing the distorting effects of technological power," the pope wrote.

"Nevertheless, the issue is not limited to regulation. As Pope Francis warned, we must realistically ask ourselves who holds this power today and how they use it," he added. 

"Humanity, created by God in all its grandeur, is today facing a pivotal choice: either to construct a new Tower of Babel or to build the city in which God and humanity dwell together," he wrote. Every generation has the same duty of "guiding history to become a place where the dignity of every person is safeguarded, justice is promoted and fraternity is made possible."

While the document was embedded "in a time of artificial intelligence," it also included a wide gamut of ongoing, lingering ills such as: the exploitation of people and nature; war; the arms race; disrespect for human life; threats to democracy and the common good; discrimination against the poor and women; and new forms of slavery.

"Human trafficking must be recognized as a contemporary form of slavery and a grave violation of human dignity. Failing to respond firmly, or tolerating these practices in any way, is in some way to become complicit in today's sins, which are akin to those of the past when slavery was being concealed and justified," Pope Leo wrote.

While the Catholic Church constantly affirmed the dignity of every human being, he wrote, "neither can we deny or diminish the delay with which both society and the Church came to denounce the scourge of slavery," noting it wasn't until the 19th century "that a formal, absolute and universal condemnation of slavery was clearly articulated, notably under Pope Leo XIII."

"This development offers a clear example of the Church's growth in understanding the perennial truths of Revelation that she safeguards," he wrote, "even if it took eighteen centuries for its full incompatibility with slavery to be explicitly recognized."

"This constitutes a wound in Christian memory, one from which we cannot consider ourselves detached," he wrote, and "for this, in the name of the Church, I sincerely ask for pardon."

It is "a shared responsibility," he wrote, of all members of the human family to come together and discern "Where are we going? Toward what goal do we wish to orient ourselves? What direction should we choose as a people and as a human community?"

"The search for the truth in public life, education in the digital environment, the transformation of work, the fragility of families and new forms of slavery are not isolated phenomena," he wrote. "Rather, they reflect a common underlying issue, namely that if technology becomes the ultimate criterion, the human person risks being reduced to data, a cog in a machine or a commodity."

"If, however, technology is integrated with a wise perspective, it can become an instrument of growth, justice and fraternity," he added.

Innovation can genuinely serve integral human development and integral ecology, Pope Leo wrote, "rather than becoming a source of exclusion and dominance."

Referring often to St. Augustine's teachings, Pope Leo clearly defined the two "cities" people today must choose to contribute to: either a worldly, selfish land dedicated to building a "Tower of Babel" or a Christian "civilization of love in the digital age."

He decried today's "culture of power" that was "normalizing" war, ballooning military arsenals, and fomenting fear and polarization; he reinforced the Vatican's long-standing opposition to leaving the decision to use lethal force to AI or "to opaque or automated processes."

The pope also condemned today's "false realism," calling it "truly irresponsible" to stoke resignation by pretending war is inevitable and peace and dialogue are "utopian or irrational positions that ignore the risks at stake." 

"In fact, peace is neither a naïve hope nor merely the absence of war; instead, it is always possible as the fruit of justice and charity," he wrote.

Pope Leo underlined the need for everyone to take responsibility in building a better world by quoting the wizard Gandalf in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings. The Return of the King." "It is not our part to master all the tides of the world, but to do what is in us for the succour of those years wherein we are set, uprooting the evil in the fields that we know, so that those who live after may have clean earth to till."

Pope Leo then proposed five paths toward daily and public responsibility: "the need to disarm words; building peace through justice; adopting the perspective of victims; cultivating a healthy realism; and reviving dialogue and multilateralism."

Fundamentally, he added, what is needed is the Christian view of humanity and understanding of God's plan for his creation.

"As a believer among believers, I invite everyone to contemplate, in the face of the Son of God, the grandeur of humanity that shines a light also on the era of AI," he wrote. "In Christ, we are called to cooperate in the work of creation, rather than be disinterested observers of technological processes that limit our freedom and responsibility."

"The dignity inscribed in each of us by the Holy Spirit can also be seen in our capacity to reflect critically, choose and love freely, and form authentic relationships," Pope Leo wrote.

"No computational system, however sophisticated, can create a heart that gives itself, or a conscience that discerns good from evil," he wrote. "Even when machines excel in efficiency, a human face that asks to be gazed upon remains the center of our history."
 

WASHINGTON – Archbishop Paul S. Coakley, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), issued a statement today welcoming Pope Leo XIV’s new encyclical, Magnifica Humanitas: On Safeguarding the Human Person in the Time of Artificial Intelligence.

Archbishop Coakley’s statement follows:

“The Church in the United States welcomes the publication of Pope Leo XIV’s first encyclical letter, Magnifica Humanitas, with gratitude and praise. It is a powerful reminder that no technology can replace a child of God, and all technology should be placed at the service of helping humanity thrive.

“As his predecessor Pope Leo XIII addressed the challenges of the Industrial Revolution in Rerum Novarum one hundred thirty-five years ago, our Holy Father shines the light of the Gospel and the tradition of the Church on the new opportunities and challenges posed by the rise of Artificial Intelligence. The Pope calls us to never lose sight of the inherent dignity of all human life and the moral imperative for technology to support peace and the common good rather than the limited interest of a few.

“Recognizing the importance of this issue to the Holy Father and to us all, the Administrative Committee of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops tasked the USCCB Committee on Doctrine to lead and coordinate our work regarding Artificial Intelligence.  It reflects the Catholic belief that the dignity of the human person is inviolable. 

“My brother bishops and I look forward to prayerfully reading the encyclical more deeply over the next few days. We encourage all people of good will to reflect on this rich papal teaching and to seek ways in which to apply it in their lives.”

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VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Pope Leo XIV celebrated Pentecost by highlighting the role of the Holy Spirit in his repeated calls for peace in recent months, saying the spirit also guides the Church to truth amid a world marked by war, division and ideological fragmentation.

During Mass in St. Peter’s Basilica, the pope said the Holy Spirit continues Christ’s work in the world by restoring peace through forgiveness and transforming fear and confusion into communion with God and others.

"Pentecost truly appears as the feast of the New Covenant, the Covenant between God and all the peoples of the world," the pope said May 24 in his homily marking the end of the Easter season.

Reflecting on the Gospel passage of Christ appearing to the apostles after the resurrection, Pope Leo said Jesus restored peace between God and humanity through his Paschal Mystery and poured that peace into the world through the Holy Spirit.

"This peace stems from forgiveness and leads us to forgiveness," he said, emphasizing that Jesus first offered forgiveness even after being "betrayed, condemned and crucified."

"God’s holy law is inscribed in our hearts, engraved by the spirit with letters of love in the flesh of Christ and in his body the Church," Pope Leo said. "This law is the rule of peace: It is the twofold commandment of love that the spirit reminds us of with every heartbeat."

Turning to the Church’s mission, the pope said Christians are called to continue proclaiming Christ through acts of mercy, virtue and witness in daily life. Calling the faithful "coworkers of the Gospel," he said the Holy Spirit transforms believers into agents of reconciliation and hope.

"The work of God, therefore, is each one of us, who came here today from all parts of the world, invited to the Lord’s table, gathered to listen to his word and called to bear witness to it everywhere," he said.

The pope also described the Holy Spirit as the source of unity and truth within the Church, warning against "partisanship, hypocrisy and fads that obscure the light of the Gospel."

While acknowledging that some changes in the modern world have brought "error and violence," Pope Leo said the Holy Spirit continues to renew humanity and introduce salvation.

"The Church’s mission bears witness to this offer, thereby transforming the world’s confusion into communion with God and among ourselves," he said.

Concluding his homily, the pope prayed for the Holy Spirit to free the world from war, misery and sin.

"Dear friends, with fervent hearts, let us pray today that the spirit of the Risen One may save us from the evil of war, which is overcome not by a superpower, but by the omnipotence of love," he said.

In his Regina Caeli address after Mass, Pope Leo said the Holy Spirit "opens doors," saying it gave the apostles the courage to leave the locked room following Jesus' death and proclaim Christ. 

The pope said the Holy Spirit opens three doors: the door to encountering God personally, the door of the Church so it can remain welcoming to all and engaged with the modern world, and the door of the human heart, overcoming "selfishness, mistrust and prejudice."

"We need to rediscover God as the father who loves us, so that we can form a Church where everyone feels at home, and build a fraternal world where peace reigns among all peoples," he said from the window of the Apostolic Palace, a day before releasing his first encyclical "Magnifica Humanitas" on the care of the human person in the time of artificial intelligence. 

After the Regina Caeli prayer, Pope Leo commemorated the Day of Prayer for the Church in China and prayed for victims of a mining accident in northern China that reportedly killed 82 people. He also prayed for Christian communities in the Holy Land, Lebanon and across the Middle East suffering due to the ongoing conflict.